Algebraformer: A Neural Approach to Linear Systems

Abstract

Recent work in deep learning has opened new possibilities for solving classical algorithmic tasks using end-to-end learned models. In this work, we investigate the fundamental task of solving linear systems, particularly those that are ill-conditioned. Existing numerical methods for ill-conditioned systems often require careful parameter tuning, preconditioning, or domain-specific expertise to ensure accuracy and stability. In this work, we propose Algebraformer, a Transformer-based architecture that learns to solve linear systems end-to-end, even in the presence of severe ill-conditioning. Our model leverages a novel encoding scheme that enables efficient representation of matrix and vector inputs, with a memory complexity of $O(n^2)$, supporting scalable inference. We demonstrate its effectiveness on application-driven linear problems, including interpolation tasks from spectral methods for boundary value problems and acceleration of the Newton method. Algebraformer achieves competitive accuracy with significantly lower computational overhead at test time, demonstrating that general-purpose neural architectures can effectively reduce complexity in traditional scientific computing pipelines.

Please cite this paper as:

@article{sittoni2025algebraformer,
  title={Algebraformer: A Neural Approach to Linear Systems},
  author={Sittoni, Pietro and Tudisco, Francesco},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.14263},
  year={2025}
}

Keywords: Transformer linear systems deep learning numerical methods ill-conditioned systems